HIGHLIGHTS FROM THE MAIN CHAPTERS
Orchards, tree plantations and forest gardens
Orchards, tree plantations and forest gardens cover 110 million hectares, in addition to the coffee and cacao plantations described in the next chapter. The majority of this area produces fruits (40%) and vegetable fat and oil (30%, notably oil palm). Agro-forestry systems are found all around the world, but the main production areas are Asia and Africa.
The birdlife of these habitats is extremely diverse and strongly overlaps with forest bird communities. The chapter focuses on mixed (timber and non-timber) systems, mixed systems with trees and livestock (such as the well-known Iberian dehesas and montados) and monocultures such as oil palm, which are relatively poor in birds. Remarkable bird species of these habitats include tanagers, several raptors, hornbills, storks, and the European bee-eater and roller. In separate boxes, the chapter pays attention to pollinating birds, to fruit-robbing birds in Australian orchards (see below), the possibilities for nest boxes and Indonesian forest gardens as refuges for forest birds.

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